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CompTIA, AWS, Google Cloud and Scrum.org require nothing but the exam. ISACA, ISC2 and PMI do not. The differences are not academic — a title reduces an experience requirement in ISACA and ISC2, and in one case does not reduce it at all.

CAPM needs no experience and 23 hours of training. PMP needs 2 to 5 years of it depending on your degree. Here is the order that actually pays off, the current prices, and one thing almost everyone gets wrong about the 35 hours.

The answer is different for every major vendor, and it decides whether a multi-answer question is a lottery. PMI scores all-or-nothing, ISC2 is compensatory, and CompTIA will not tell you the method at all.

CompTIA and PMI let you take the exam at home. ISC2 does not — every ISC2 exam is in a Pearson center. Here is what each vendor actually allows, and what the online proctoring really asks of your room.

A+, Network+ and Security+ all last three years, but they renew on different terms: 20, 30 and 50 CEUs, at $75, $150 and $150. And there is one category that never expires at all.

The CISSP is not a lifetime certificate. It runs on a three-year cycle with 120 CPE credits, and letting it expire puts you on a path that can take years to undo. Here is the exact sequence.

ISACA CISM certification details: 150 questions, 4‑hour exam, passing score 450/800, fee USD 575/760.

Some credentials are a poor bet: exams that changed under you, certs with no demand in your market, and a ladder you are paying to climb without a role at the top. Here is how to tell.

Forty-three per cent of the ITIL 4 Foundation exam sits in one domain: understanding the seven core practices. Here is the full blueprint, the format and where candidates lose marks.